
Sympathetic overdrive is present throughout the natural history of cardiovascular disease: this review provides best practice in identifying sympathetic overdrive and selecting appropriate therapy.
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- Question 1 of 15
1. Question
1. β-receptors are expressed on the cell membrane as:
- Question 2 of 15
2. Question
2. Which statement is true?
- Question 3 of 15
3. Question
3. Which statement is false? In the state of HF:
- Question 4 of 15
4. Question
4. Sympathetic overdrive can initiate disease, trigger a complication, or even worsen the condition of a patient.
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5. Question
5. A simple tool to identify patients with sympathetic overdrive is measurement of:
- Question 6 of 15
6. Question
6. Newly identified cardiovascular risk factors that have been added to the SCORE assessment system include:
- Question 7 of 15
7. Question
7. The ESC/ESH define hypertension as an office blood pressure threshold of:
- Question 8 of 15
8. Question
8. The ESC/ESH recommend that when treating hypertension, blood pressure should be targeted to:
- Question 9 of 15
9. Question
9. In order to improve the low numbers of patients that reach therapeutic target, ESC/ESH guidelines recommend:
- Question 10 of 15
10. Question
10. For the treatment of hypertension in the patient with CAD, the ESC/ESH recommend a dual combination of β-blocker and:
- Question 11 of 15
11. Question
11. In the hypertensive patient with HFrEF, the ESC/ESH recommend initiating treatment with:
- Question 12 of 15
12. Question
12. A resting heart rate of _____ is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality:
- Question 13 of 15
13. Question
13. Which is the only β-blocker tested in HF that is not able to show reduction in morbidity and mortality?
- Question 14 of 15
14. Question
14. Which of the listed β-blockers may give rise to orthostatic hypotension in some patients?
- Question 15 of 15
15. Question
15. The β1-selectivity of bisoprolol results in minimal effects on lung function in patients with stable angina pectoris and chronic obstructive lung disease.
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