To β-block or not to β-block? Treating sympathetic overdrive

1. β-receptors are expressed on the cell membrane as:

2. Which statement is true?

3. Which statement is false? In the state of HF:

4. Sympathetic overdrive can initiate disease, trigger a complication, or even worsen the condition of a patient.

5. A simple tool to identify patients with sympathetic overdrive is measurement of:

6. Newly identified cardiovascular risk factors that have been added to the SCORE assessment system include:

7. The ESC/ESH define hypertension as an office blood pressure threshold of:

8. The ESC/ESH recommend that when treating hypertension, blood pressure should be targeted to:

9. In order to improve the low numbers of patients that reach therapeutic target, ESC/ESH guidelines recommend:

10. For the treatment of hypertension in the patient with CAD, the ESC/ESH recommend a dual combination of β-blocker and:

11. In the hypertensive patient with HFrEF, the ESC/ESH recommend initiating treatment with:

12. A resting heart rate of _____ is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality:

13. Which is the only β-blocker tested in HF that is not able to show reduction in morbidity and mortality?

14. Which of the listed β-blockers may give rise to orthostatic hypotension in some patients?

15. The β1-selectivity of bisoprolol results in minimal effects on lung function in patients with stable angina pectoris and chronic obstructive lung disease.